CISUC

Xception: Software Fault Injection and Monitoring in Processor Functional Units

Authors

Abstract

This paper presents Xception, a software fault injection and monitoring environment. Xception uses the advanced debugging and performance monitoring features existing in most of the modern processors to inject more realistic faults by software, and to monitor the activation of the faults and their impact on the target system behaviour in detail. Faults are injected with minimum interference with the target application. The target application is not modified,
no software traps are inserted, and it is not necessary to execute it in special trace mode (the application is executed at full speed). Xception provides a comprehensive set of fault triggers, including spatial and temporal fault triggers, and triggers related to the manipulation of data in memory. Faults injected by Xception can affect any process running on the target system including the operating system. Sets of faults can be defined by the user according to several criteria, including the emulation of faults in specific target processor functional units. Presently, Xception has been implemented on a parallel machine build around the PowerPC 601 processor running the PARIX operating system. Experiment results are presented showing the impact of faults on several parallel applications running on a commercial parallel system. It is shown that up to 73% of the faults, depending on the processor functional unit affected, can cause the application to produce wrong results. The results show that the impact of faults heavily depends on the application and the specific processor functional unit affected by the fault.

Conference

Fifth IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-5), September 1995


Cited by

Year 2008 : 5 citations

 Mohamed Khalgui, Emanuele Carpanzano, Hans-Michael Hanisch, "An optimised simulation of component-based embedded systems in manufacturing industry?, International Journal of Simulation and Process Modelling, Volume 4, Number 2 / 2008

 K Keeton, A Merchant, J Wilkes, "System and method for interposition-based selective simulation of faults for access requests to a data storage system?, US Patent 7,467,333, 2008.

 A. Bondavalli, A. Ceccarelli, L. Falai, and M. Vadursi. Enhancing the nekostat tool with uncertainty, resolution and intrusiveness evaluation capabilities. In DSN 2008 Workshop on Resilience Assessment and Dependability Benchmarking, June 2008.

 A. Ejlali, S.G. Miremadi, "Error propagation analysis using FPGA-based SEU-fault injection?, Microelectronics Reliability, 48 (2008), Elsevier, 319"328, 2008

 Alexander Gordeyev, Vyacheslav Kharchenko, Anton Andrashov, Boris Konorev, Vladimir Sklyar, and Artem Boyarchuk, "Case-based software reliability assessmentby fault injection unified procedures?, SEESE '08: ACM Proceedings of the 2008 international workshop on Software Engineering in east and south Europe, Leipzig, Germany, 2008

Year 2007 : 9 citations

 Manuel Mendonça, Nuno Ferreira Neves, Localização de Vulnerabilidades de Segurança em Gestores de Dispositivos Wi-Fi com Técnicas de Fuzzing, Actas da 3ª Conferência Nacional Sobre Segurança Informática nas Organizações (SINO07), Lisboa, Portugal, October, 2007.

 Damian Nowroth, "Untersuchungen von akzeptablen Fehlern in einem JPEG-Kompressor?, Diplomarbeit, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit¨at Freiburg, Institut f¨ur Informatik, 18. Oktober 2007

 Murciano, M.; Violante, M., "Validating the dependability of embedded systems through fault injection by means of loadable kernel modules," High Level Design Validation and Test Workshop, 2007. HLVDT 2007. IEEE International , vol., no., pp.179-186, 7-9 Nov. 2007

 Pradipta De, "MiNT: A Reconfigurable Mobile Muli-hopWireless Network Testbed?, PhD thesis, STONY Brook University, USA, 2007

 Lorenzo Falai, "Observing, Monitoring and Evaluating Distributed Systems?, PhD Thesis, University of Florence, Italy, 2007

 DP Siewiorek, XZ Yang, R Chillarege, ZT Kalbarczyk, "Industry trends and research in dependable computing?, - Jisuanji Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computers, Vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1645-1661. Oct. 2007

 L. Anghel, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, and M. Violante, ?Multi-level Fault Effects Evaluation?, in the book "Radiation Effects on Embedded Systems?, Eds. RAOUL VELAZCO, PASCAL FOUILLAT and RICARDO REIS, Springer Netherlands, 10.1007/978-1-4020-5646-8, 2007

 Pradipta De, "MiNT: A Reconfigurable Mobile Muli-hop Wireless Network Testbed?, PhD Thesis, Stony Brook University, May 2007.

 Andrea Bondavalli and Michele Vadursi, "Foundations of measurement theory applied to the evaluation of dependability attributes?, 37th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, Edinburgo, Reino Unido, 25-28 de Junho de 2007.

Year 2006 : 3 citations

 PENG Jun-jie, HUANG Qing-cheng, HONG Bing-rong, LI Rui, YUAN Cheng-jun, WEI Zhen-hua, "Test Fault Sensitivity of a Digital Processor by a Pure Software Approach?, Journal of Astronautics, China, 2006.

 Junjie Peng, Jun Ma, Bingrong Hong, "Evaluation of Embedded Operating System by a Software Method?, Journal of Communication and Computer, ISSN1548-7709, USA, Jan. 2006, Volume 3, No.1 (Serial No.14), 2006.

 Roshan G. Ragel, "Architectural Support for Security and Reliability in Embedded Processors?, PhD thesis, The University of New South Wales, Austrália, 2006

Year 2005 : 2 citations

 Martin Hiller, Arshad Jhumkas, and Neeraj Suri, "Tracking the Propagation of Data Errors in Software?, Dependable Computing Systems. Edited by Hassan B. Diab and Albert Y. Zomaya, ISBN 0-471-67422-2 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005

 Ejlali, A., Al-Hashimi, B. M. and Miremadi, S. G. "Fast Observation Architecture for FPGA-based SEU Analysis?, In Proceedings of the 10th European Test Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia, May 22-25, 2005.

Year 2004 : 2 citations

 William Hoarau, "FAIL - FAult Injection Language?, Rapport de stage pour le DEA ID, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université de Paris-Sud, 2004.

 Paris D. Wiley, "Fault Tolerant Design Verification Through - The Use of Laser Fault Injection?, MSc thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Feb. 2004.

Year 2003 : 4 citations

 1. Regina Lúcia de Oliveira Morais, Eliane Martins "A strategy for validating an ODBMS Component Using a High-Level Software Fault Injection Tool" Proc. First Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing, LADC 2003, 2003, October 2003, São Paulo, Brazil: Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 2847: p. 56-68, ISBN 3-540-20224-2.

 2. Perez, J.; Sonza Reorda, M.; Violante, M.; "Accurate dependability analysis of CAN-based networked systems" Integrated Circuits and Systems Design, 2003. SBCCI 2003. Proceedings. 16th Symposium on , 8-11 Sept. 2003, Pages:337 - 342.

 3. Pradipta De, Anindya Neogi, Tzi-cker Chiueh, ``VirtualWire: A Fault Injection and Analysis Tool for Network Protocols', Proceedings of International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2003), May 2003.

 4. António Casimiro, "Timely Actions in the Presence of Uncertain Timeliness?, Tese de doutoramento, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Abril de 2003.

Year 2002 : 2 citations

 1. Volkmar Sieh, Kerstin Buchacker "UMLinux - A Versatile SWIFI Tool", Proc. of EDCC-4, Toulouse, October 2002, p. 159-171, LNCS 2002.

 2. Civera P, Macchiarulo L, Rebaudengo M, et al. "An FPGA-based approach for speeding-up fault injection campaigns on safety-critical circuits" J ELECTRON TEST 18 (3): 261-271 JUN 2002.

Year 2001 : 5 citations

 1. Saurabh Bagchi, Gautam Kar, Joe Hellerstein "Dependency analysis in distributed systems using fault injection: Application to problem an e-commerce envrironment" in: O. Festor and A. Pras (Eds.) : 12th International Worshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and ManagementDSOM'2001 Nancy France, October 15-17, 2001.

 2. Thitima Srivatanakul "Mutation Testing for Concurrency" MSc Thesis, The Department of Computer Science, University of York, September 2001.

 3. Civera, P.; Macchiarulo, L.; Rebaudengo, M.; Reorda, M.S.; Violante, A.; "Exploiting FPGA for accelerating fault injection experiments" On-Line Testing Workshop, 2001. Proceedings. Seventh International , 9-11 July 2001, Pages:9 - 13.

 4. Nelson Guilherme Mendes Leme, "Um Sistema de Padrões para Injeção de Falhas por Softwareâ?,tese de mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, 2001.

 5. Kerstin Buchacker, Volkmar Sieh, "Framework for Testing the Fault-Tolerance of Systems Including OS and Network Aspectsâ?, Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering (HASE"01), 2001.

Year 2000 : 7 citations

 1. B. Parrotta, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, M. Violante, "Speeding-up Fault Injection Campaigns in VHDL models", 19th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, Safecomp 2000, Rotterdam, The Nederlands, pp. 27-36, October 2000.

 2. Timothy Tsai, Navjot Singh "Reliability Testing of Applications on Windows NT" Proc. of DSN-2000 - The International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (FTCS-30, DCCA-8), 25-28 June 2000, New York, USA, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-7695-0707-7, pp. 427-436.

 3. Eliane Martins, Amanda C.A. Rosa"A Fault Injection Approach Based on Reflective Programming" Proc. of DSN-2000 - The International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (FTCS-30, DCCA-8), 25-28 June 2000, New York, USA, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-7695-0707-7, pp. 407-416.

 4. M. Lajolo, M. Rebaudengo, M. S. Reorda, M. Violante, L. Lavagn, "Evaluating System Dependability In a Co-Design Framework", Proc. of Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE2000), pp. 586-601, March 2000.

 5. David T. Stott, Benjamin Floering, Daniel Burke, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, Ravishankar K. Iyer "NFTAPE: a framework for assessing dependability in distributed systems with lightweight fault injectors." In Proceedings of the IEEE International Computer Performance and Dependability Symposium, pp. 91-100, March 2000.

 6. DT Stott "Automated Fault-Inject Based Dependability Analysis of Distributed Computer Systems" Report for the Preliminary PhD Exam, 2000, Center for Reliable and High-Performance Computing, Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

 7. B. Parrotta and Maurizio Rebaudengo and Matteo Sonza Reorda and Massimo Violante "Speeding-Up Fault Injection Campaigns in {VHDL} Models", SAFECOMP 2000, pages 27-36

Year 1999 : 11 citations

 1. A. Benso, P.L. Civera, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda "A low-cost programmable board for speeding-up Fault Injection in microprocessor-based systems" Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 1999, pp. 171-177, 1999.

 2. M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, "Evaluating the Fault Tolerance Capabilities of Embedded Systems via BDM", VTS'99: 17 th IEEE VLSI Test Symposium, Dana Point (CA), 1999.

 3. A. Benso, M. Rebaudengo, and M. Sonza Reorda. "FlexFi: A flexible fault injection environment for microprocessor-based systems". In Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP'99), 1999. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Verlag, A. Pasquini (Ed.)

 4. Timothy K. Tsai, Mei-Chen Hsueh, Hong Zhao, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, Ravishankar K. Iyer, "DEPENDABILITY OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS: Stress-Based and Path-Based Fault Injection" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS Vol. 48, No. 11; NOVEMBER 1999, pp. 1183-1201

 5. Alfredo Benso, Maurizio Rebaudengo, Matteo Sonza Reorda "Fault Injection for Embedded Microprocessor-based Systems", Journal of Universal Computer Science, Volume 5 / Issue 10, October 1999, Springer, pp. 693-711.

 6. David Stott, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk e R. K. Iyer, "Using NFTAPE for Rapid Development of Automated Fault Injection Experimentsâ?, Fast Abstracts of the 29th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing Symposium, FTCS-29, 15 a 18 Junho de 1999, Madison, Wisconsin, EUA, pp. 39-40;

 7. Benso A., Rebaudengo M., Reorda M. S., "FlexFi: A flexible fault injection environment for microprocessor-based systems", Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1698: pp. 323-335, 1999.

 8. Alfredo Benso, Maurizio Rebaudengo, Matteo Sonza Reorda "Fault Injection for Embedded Microprocessor-based Systems", Journal of Universal Computer Science, Volume 5 / Issue 10, October 1999, Springer, pp. 693-711.

 9. A. Bondavalli, A. Fantechi, D. Latella, and L. Simoncini. "Integrated validation of dependable systems". In IDPT '99 4th, Int. Conference on Integrated Design and Process Technology, Kusadasi, Turkey, June 27 - July 2 1999.

 10. S Freinatis, A Hunger "Assessing the Fault Tolerance of Embedded Software through Application of Machine Instruction Mutations" Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference Modelling and Simulation, May 5-8, 1999 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

 11. Wee Teck Ng, "Design and Implementation of Reliable Main Memoryâ?, tese de doutoramento, University of Michigan, USA, 1999.

Year 1998 : 14 citations

 1. Benso, A.; Rebaudengo, M.; Reorda, M.S.; Civera, P.L.; "An integrated HW and SW fault injection environment for real-time systems" Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, 1998. Proceedings., 1998 IEEE International Symposium on , 2-4 Nov. 1998, Pages:117 - 122.

 2. Volkmar Sieh "Effiziente Erstellung und Auswertung von Rechnermodellen zur detaillierten Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse" PhD Thesis, Univ. Erlangen, Germany, 1998.

 3. Christmansson, J.; Hiller, M.; Rimen, M. "An experimental comparison of fault and error injection" Software Reliability Engineering, 1998. Proceedings. The Ninth International Symposium on , 4-7 Nov. 1998, Pages:369 - 378.

 4. Benso, A.; Prinetto, P.; Rebaudengo, M.; Reorda, M.S.; "A fault injection environment for microprocessor-based boards" Test Conference, 1998. Proceedings. International , 18-23 Oct. 1998, Pages:768 - 773.

 5. Prinetto, P.; Rebaudengo, M.; Sonza Reorda, M.; "Exploiting the background debugging mode in a fault injection system" Computer Performance and Dependability Symposium, 1998. IPDS '98. Proceedings. IEEE International , 7-9 Sept. 199, pp. 277.

 6. Bondavalli, A.; Fantechi, A.; Latella, D.; Simoncini, L.; "Towards a discipline of system engineering: validation of dependable systems" Computer Security, Dependability and Assurance: From Needs to Solutions, 1998. Proceedings , 7-9 July 1998 & 11-13 November 1998, Pages:144 - 165.

 7. P. Folkesson, Sven Svensson, Johan Karlsson "A Comparison of Simulation Based and Scan Chain Implemented Fault Injection" Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing Symposium, FTCS-28, June 1998, Munich, Germany, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 284-293, ISBN 0-8186-8470-4.

 8. A. Benso, P. Prinetto, M. Rebaudengo and M. Sonza Reorda "EXFI: a low-cost fault injection system for embedded microprocessor-based boards" ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, Volume 3 , Issue 4 (1998) pp 626-634.

 9. Amanda Cibele, Apolinário Rosa, Eliane Martins, "Using a Reflective Architecture to Validate Object-oriented Applications by Fault Injection" Proceedings of the Workshop on Reflective Programming in C++ and Java (Vancouver-Canada), Oct 1998

 10. Peter Sobe, "A Study of Roll-Forward Recovery from Faults Among Communicating Processes", Research Report, TUD/ FI 98/02, Technical University of Dresden, Alemanha, 1998.

 11. A. Benso, P. Prinetto, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda "A Fault Injection Approach for Embedded Microprocessor-based Boards" Proc. Ninth European Workshop on Dependable Computing, May 14-16, 1998, Gdansk, Poland, pp. 2-6, Politechnika Gdanska, ISBN 83-907591-1-X.

 12. Amanda Cibele Apolinário Rosa, Eliane Martins "Using reflective programming to inject faults into object-oriented systems" IFIP WG10.4 Group Meeting 1998, 15 to 17 January 1998, in Waterfrant, Cape Town, South Africa.

 13. Jean Arlat "Early Validation of Dependable Systems by Fault Injection into VHDL Models" IFIP WG10.4 Group Meeting 1998, 15 to 17 January 1998, in Waterfrant, Cape Town, South Africa.

 14. Paolo PRINETTO, Maurizio REBAUDENGO, Matteo SONZA REORDA, "Exploiting the Background Debugging Mode in a Fault Injection system?, Proceedings of the IEEE International Computer Performance and Dependability Symposium (IPDS"08), 1998

Year 1997 : 17 citations

 1. Sieh, V.; Balbach, F.; Tschäche, O.: "VERIFY: Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse unter Verwendung von VHDL-Modellen mit integrierter Fehlerbeschreibung" Tagungsband 9.Workshop "Testmethoden und Zuverlässigkeit von Schaltungen und Systemen", Universität Bremen, Bremen, Deutschland, 9.-11. März 1997, S. 39-42.

 2. Mei-Chen Hsueh, Timothy K. Tsai, Ravishankar K. Iyer "Fault Injection Techniques and Tools" IEEE Computer, Vol. 30, No. 4, Abril 1997, pp. 75-82, IEEE Computer Society.

 3. A. Bondavalli, F. Di Giandomenico and I. Mura "Value-Driven Resource Assignment in Object-Oriented Real-Time Dependable Systems," in Proc. WORDS 97, Third International Workshop on Object-oriented Real-time Dependable Systems, Newport Beach, California, USA, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997, pp. 92-99.

 4. V. Sieh, O. Tschäche, F. Balbach "VERIFY: Evaluation of Reliability Using VHDL-Models with Embedded Fault Descriptions" Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing Symposium, FTCS-27, 24-27 June 1997, Seattle, Washington, EUA, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 32-36, ISBN 0-8186-7831-3.

 5. F. Salles, J. Arlat, and J. Fabre. Can we rely on COTS microkernels for building fault-tolerant systems ? In Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, October 1997.

 6. Jérome Boué "Test de la tolerance aux fautes par injection de fautes dans des modèles de simulation VHDL" Thèse de doctorat de L'Institut Nationale Polytechnique de Toulouse, 1997, Rapport LAAS nº 97503, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, França.

 7. A. Bondavalli, F. Di Giandomenico and I. Mura "A Value-Based Approach to Flexible Decision Making in Real-Time Dependable Systems," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Mechatronical Computer Systems, Pisa, Italy, 1997, pp. 155-163.

 8. Emmerich Fuchs "Validating the Fail-Silence Assumption of the MARS Architecture" Proc. 6th IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6), Grainau, Alemanha, Março 5-7, 1997, IEEE Computer Socienty Press, ISBN 0-8186-8009-1, pp. 225-247.

 9. Uwe Wildner "CASC - Compiler Assisted Self-Checking of Structural Integrity" Tese de doutoramento, Institut für Informatik, Universität Potsdam, Rep. Federal da Alemanha, Outubro 1997.

 10. T. Tsai, S.J. Upadhaya, H. Zhao, M.-C. Hsueh, R.K. Iyer, "Path-Based Fault Injection," Proc. 3rd ISSAT Conf. on R&Q in Design, pp. 121--125, 1997.

 11. V. Sieh, O. Tschäche, F. Balbach "Comparing Different Fault Models Using VERIFY" Proc. 6th IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6), Grainau, Alemanha, Março 5-7, 1997, IEEE Computer Socienty Press, ISBN 0-8186-8009-1, pp. 63-80.

 12. Uwe Wildner "Experimental Evaluation of Assigned Signature Checking With Return Address Hashing on Different Platforms" Proc. 6th IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6), Grainau, Alemanha, Março 5-7, 1997, IEEE Computer Socienty Press, ISBN 0-8186-8009-1, pp. 3-18.

 13. V. Sieh, O. Tschäche e F. Balbach, "System Dependability Analysis using VHDL Models with Integrated Fault Descriptionsâ?, Proceedings of 8th European Workshop on Dependable Computing, EWDC-8, Gotemburgo, Suécia, 2 a 4 de Abril de 1997;

 14. M. Dal Cin, W. Hohl e V. Sieh, "Hardware-Supported Fault Tolerance for Multiprocessorsâ?, Proceedings of the 14. ITG/GI-Fachtagung Architektur von Rechensystemen, Rostock, Alemanha, VDE-Verlag, Setembro de 1997, pp 13-22.

 15. V. Sieh, O. Tschäche, F. Balbach "Comparing Different Fault Models Using VERIFY" Proc. 6th IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6), Grainau, Alemanha, Março 5-7, 1997, IEEE Computer Socienty Press, ISBN 0-8186-8009-1, pp. 63-80.

 16. Uwe Wildner "Experimental Evaluation of Assigned Signature Checking With Return Address Hashing on Different Platforms" Proc. 6th IFIP Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6), Grainau, Alemanha, Março 5-7, 1997, IEEE Computer Socienty Press, ISBN 0-8186-8009-1, pp. 3-18.

 17. Kumar K. Goswami, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Luke Young, "DEPEND: A Simulation-Based Environment for System Level Dependability Analysis" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, Vol. 46, No. 1; JANUARY 1997, pp. 60-74.

Year 1996 : 7 citations

 1. Geert Deconninck, "User-Triggered Checkpointing And Rollback In Massively Parallel Systems", PhD. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bélgica, December 1996.

 2. J.Christmansson, R. Chillarege, "Generation of an Error Set that Emulates Software Faults Based on Field Data" Proc. Twenty-Six Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS-26), Junho 25-26, 1996, Sendai, Japão, IEEE Computer Society, ISBN 0-8186-7261-7, pp 304-313.

 3. I. Mura, F. Di Giandomenico, A. Bondavalli "Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems: Performability Evaluation," IEI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, Internal Report (B4-07-02-96), 1996.

 4. Uwe Wildner "Compiler Assisted Self-Checking of Structural Integrity Using Return Address Hashing " Proc. Second European Dependable Computing Conference, Taormina, Itália, Outubro 1996, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1150, Springer Verlag, pp. 161-177, ISBN 3-540-61772-8.

 5. V. Sieh, O. Tschäche e F. Balbach, "VHDL based Fault Injection with VERIFY?, Universidade de Erlangen, Alemanha, IMMD III, Internal Report 5/96, Agosto de 1996;

 6. David Powell, Michel Cukier, Jean Arlat e Yves Crouzet, "Estimation of Time-Dependent Coverage?, LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche - 31077 TOULOUSE Cedex 4, France - Research Report 96466, 4 de Dezembro de 1996;

 7. Uwe Wildner, "SWIFLER: Software Implemented Control Flow Error Injection?, Institut für Informatik, Universität Potsdam, Alemanha, Technical Report MPI-I-96-601, Janeiro de 1996;